Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Task - Essay Example I plan to have all the composed data written in basic English. Patrons possibly help when they know about the impediments. I will illuminate all the backers regarding the issues that I may experience while attempting to advertise the application to different understudies from different colleges. Foreseen amazements may prompt increment in costs for a venture and time delays.5 I have educated the project’s supports that there of an expansion in costs due to foreseen expenses of framework upkeep and showcasing expenses of making pamphlets that catch all the data with respect to the advantages of utilizing the application. Micromanagement isn't wellbeing for any business or project.6 Creating a viable connection among backers and administrators warrants trust. To keep away from issues of trust for this undertaking I have furnished the patrons with all the calendars. The supporters are dynamic and I believe that they will do their part. Bertsche, Racheal. Seven stages to reinforce your bond with your support. Project Management Institute. Web. 22 Sep 2014.

How to De-Ice Your Windshield Using Brine

Step by step instructions to De-Ice Your Windshield Using Brine Theres no compelling reason to trust that your vehicles defroster will get ready to dissolve the ice on your windshield. You can defrost your windshield considerably more rapidly utilizing a couple of stunts from science (and, on the off chance that you need, a basin of brackish water). Tips and Tricks On the off chance that its not excessively cold outside, warm water functions admirably as a speedy defroster. You can pour warm water over your windshield and utilize the wipers to clean it up. On the off chance that its extremely cold outside, however, this will just add another layer of ice to your windshield (most ideal situation) or, by making an extraordinary temperature distinction, cause it to break (thinking pessimistically). Salt water works for a similar explanation that salt alone fills in as a de-icing operator (and warm salt water is your most solid option). The particles in salt water bring down the point of solidification of water, making the ice soften. In the wake of dissolving, the water will endeavor to re-freeze, however the temperature should be colder than 32 degrees Fahrenheit for that to happen. With regards to de-icing, not all salts are made equivalent. Typical table salt functions admirably when it isnt excessively cold out. Street salt, which has an alternate substance creation, works better when the temperature is low. Salt presentation isnt incredible for your vehicle, however, so remember that. On the off chance that you use saltwater to gather up ice, you will need to clean your vehicle later. A considerably snappier approach to liquefy the ice on your windshield is one you may definitely know-setting your uncovered hand against the windshield. This works in light of the fact that (a) your hand is warm and (b) your hand is strong. Warm solids contain more particles per unit zone to pass on warmth to the windshield than warm air alone (in light of the fact that atoms noticeable all around are far separated). Consequently, any warm strong will de-ice the windshield quicker than air. Any warm fluid will de-ice more rapidly than air for a similar explanation. You dont need to utilize your hand, however. The sole of a warm shoe would work similarly also; so would a warm book, so far as that is concerned. The denser the item, the more compelling it will be. The warmth limit of the material issues which is one motivation behind why your hand is such an incredible defrosting apparatus. On the off chance that its not very virus out, take a stab at utilizing a warm, soggy towel on the windshield. In the event that its harshly chilly, the ice scrubber is as yet your most solid option. In the event that you have a carport and live in a warm atmosphere, you can keep the ice from framing in any case by stopping inside. You can likewise utilize normal family unit synthetic concoctions to defrost your windshield. These materials apply the point of solidification sorrow to clear the ice. Its a smart thought to utilize your wipers and liquid after you apply them since they can be clingy or destructive. Of the things recorded beneath, scouring liquor is your most logical option for quick defrosting without harm: Pickle juice (saltwater brine)Beet juiceKool-Aid (or some other sweet delicate drink)Soda (with sugar)VinegarRubbing liquor

Writing Samples of a Personal Narrative Essay

Writing Samples of a Personal Narrative EssayWhen it comes to writing your samples of a personal narrative essay, there are a few things you should remember. In this article, I will briefly describe how to use sample essays to make your career and personal life stories more interesting and compelling.Before you begin writing your samples of a personal narrative essay, make sure you take stock of your strengths and weaknesses. It is tempting to add a lengthy section about the life of the writer and how he or she overcame adversity. This can help your stories connect more. But if you fail to consider what you know about yourself, then you could wind up creating a drab tale.As a rule, it is best to avoid using long paragraphs in your samples of a personal narrative essay. They don't need to be two or three sentences. But you should make it a point to keep them to around one hundred words. Anything longer could make the essays seem longer than they really are. The same goes for using too many sentences within a single paragraph.The main idea of writing samples of a personal narrative essay is to weave the voice of the writer in and out of the text. This is done through the use of sub-headings, bullet points, short sentences, or synopses. This process allows the writer to showcase his or her style.The last part of writing samples of a personal narrative essay is to add the highlights from the author's life and career. This includes the highlights from the earlier paragraphs, the thoughts that pertain to the main topic of the article, the information from the subject's school and other extracurricular activities, and information about the other people the writer worked with. The idea is to leave a bit of everything.When writing samples of a personal narrative essay, it is important to outline. This will allow you to focus on the main points of the essay without getting sidetracked by various details. Be sure to include all the facts in the paragraph to the left of th e outline.In addition to outlining, you should also use appropriate grammar when writing samples of a personal narrative essay. Also, consider using three or four paragraphs when writing your samples of a personal narrative essay. Remember that readers are usually accustomed to reading longer pieces. When they see a shorter essay, they will be able to stop and digest what they read faster.By using samples of a personal narrative essay, you can increase the chance of having them published. After all, most writers need help to get started in this type of writing. While samples of a personal narrative essay can take time and effort to complete, they will be worth it in the end.

Marketing Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Showcasing Case Study Analysis - Essay Example In such manner, a more profound comprehension of what the significance is of â€Å"marketing myopia† is can be checked. In the investigation of this contextual investigation, Levitt (1975) proposed that the explanation for the destruction of the supposed â€Å"growing industry† is by and large a direct result of their nearsighted reasoning society. With this short †located vision of what the eventual fate of business may perhaps offer, firms do fall. It is surely important to consider some fresh possibilities and have a greater image of what is probably going to occur in the business. Likewise, he suggested that with the end goal for business to flourish constantly, organizations must be client †arranged as opposed to being an excessive amount of involved in creating, improving and delivering merchandise and enterprises. In like manner, he likewise recommended that showcasing is required and not simply essentially selling since promoting incorporates imparting the qualities that the items and administrations can offer. This prescribes so as to maintain a strategic distance from business disappointment later on, an appropriate usage and execution of the procedures should come close to guarantee the continued business after such cautious and adjusted investigation and arranging of the business setting today and later on. Presentation Starting a business includes dangers since its prosperity is never an assurance. In actuality, there are just horrible odds of accomplishment in each business in light of the fact that lone a couple out of the all out quantities of established organizations do succeed. The U.S. Private company Administration proposed that an estimation of over a portion of the independent ventures do bomb inside the initial 5 years of their activity (Vetbiz Resource Center, 2009). There are numerous accessible print and online materials which attempt to clarify why organizations come up short. In the book entitled â€Å"Small Business Management,† Michael Ames (1983) recommended that the breakdown of independent ventures can be accounted by the accompanying reasons: the entrepreneur’s absence of involvement with taking care of business, poor stock administration, feeble credit game plan, unreasonable interest in fixed resources, deficient money to continue the business needs, individual utilization of business reserves, astonishing development in business just as poor people and badly designed area of business. From one perspective, there are two additional reasons bookkeeping to the breakdown of business. As indicated by Gustav Berle (1989) in the â€Å"Do It Yourself Business Book†, the expanded rivalry in the market and the low deals are additionally explanations for business disappointment. In any case, the case organizations may have accomplished a specific development at one point in time which is trailed by its breakdown after. This disappointment of organizations, as per Theo dore Levitt (1975), isn't brought about by the immersion in the market yet for the most part because of the short †located thoroughly considering society of firms having the figment that such businesses are developing. For Levitt (1975), the confidence in the so †called â€Å"growth industry† ought to be dismissed since for him, such conviction is trailed by lack of concern. With the faith in the â€Å"growth industry†, the organizations center more around creating items and delivering merchandise which they offer to the shoppers. In any case, these organizations dismiss what the genuine needs and needs are which can really fulfill the clients. Given this, the focal point of this paper predominantly digs at fundamentally examining the instance of â€Å"

Media analysis the apprentice (Amber) Essay Example for Free

Media investigation the disciple (Amber) Essay The reason for the prologue to The Apprentice is to acquaint the program with its crowd; the fundamental point is to pick up TV evaluations so the initial four minutes are vital in attracting the audiences’ consideration and making the show intriguing and speaking to the intended interest group so they keep on viewing. There are numerous visual codes in the opening of the program. The competitors are first presented and the camera is watching them enter the city of London. The entirety of the candidates are appeared close or on some type of transport, this could represent how the best individuals have been looked over everywhere throughout the nation to come to one business orientated and occupied city to vie for one groundbreaking excursion. Besides, the excursion is figuratively enhanced by the challengers conveying bags and strolling advances, this makes a feeling of them leaving on an extraordinary excursion together with just a single result. This is moored by the exchange the candidates use, for instance â€Å"I am a winner† this demonstrates to the crowd this will be an extraordinary fight to discover the champ. The competitors are seen strolling in a gathering together over an extension, this could mean the ‘bridge to successes’ and they are strolling over to the opposite side attempting to pick up the achievement that they need, which again connotes an excursion and the camera development utilized here is following the entire gathering so the crowd realize that they will be tailing them on the excursion. The program is set in London which is sober-mindedly proposing this is the focal point of business in the United Kingdom and that’s why they have assembled here. In the clasp the crowd are demonstrated how bustling the city is by the measure of transport and individuals, this could propose that there is rivalry between the contenders and furthermore rivalry in the business world. The scene is set at day break this indicates the possibility that business never rests in London and that the business world is wakeful and prepared. There are likewise visual codes shown by the characters that grapple business; initially the entirety of the contenders are dressed keen, in suits or skirt suits. They additionally all convey some type of attaché which is characteristically something that a representative has with them constantly. At the point when the characters talk they even-mindedly and characteristically show that they are business disapproved of individuals â€Å"I am the best† â€Å"I am what Alan Sugar is looking for† are instances of what are said and these are communicated in an exceptionally solid, haughty and pugnacious way. In the opening there is where the crowd are indicated Alan Sugar on an enormous structure in the focal of London watching out to the city which proposes his capacity, this is tied down by the camera shot utilized here which is a low point, this implies the possibility that he is an influential man and the focal point of consideration, the utilization of the camera development ‘crab’ additionally grapples his capacity as it circular segments around Alan Sugar so we are given a 360 degree perspective on him and the city. Sound is utilized to stay Alan Sugar’s power all through; the soundtrack and underscoring music incorporates up with an emotional pressure when he is conversing with the hopefuls and when the camera is concentrating on him. Besides, the notorious exchange â€Å"you’re fired† is rehashed more than once in the scene, something which is noteworthy to his persona and something the crowd perceive. This is strengthened with the yield shop of Alan Sugar’s hand pointing towards the discharged challenger, notwithstanding this the harvest shot likewise makes a feeling of secret as the crowd are left uninformed of the contender that has been terminated and who he is pointing at, so they are left needing to watch the show with the anticipation that everything except one candidate will be terminated and they can attempt judge who he will fire inside the program. The hopefuls are depicted as feeble when they are around Alan Sugar; there are bunches of response shots used to show their looks and responses to the undertakings and what Alan Sugar says to them, this shows his control over them and connotes the importance of the program and his job and the contestants’ job. The underscoring music likewise acclimates to the disposition and environment and is safe haven for what the contenders are depicting themselves as, toward the starting when the candidates are attempting to show power then the music is stronger and quicker yet when they are depicted as increasingly defenseless confronting Alan Sugar the music is calmer and increasingly slow the finish of the initial becomes dim into the start of the program. I imagine that the initial scene of The Apprentice is extremely effective in satisfying its motivation. I feel that it draws in the crowd by the visual codes and they all make a solid harbor for what the program is about. There are a wide range of camera shots, points and developments utilized which again attracts the audience’s consideration and makes them need to continue watching the program. At long last, the blend of the soundtrack and underscoring music with the exchange permit the opening to escalate reality and give a knowledge into the program and furthermore the competitors and Alan Sugar.

Architectural Education in Nigeria Essay - 6050 Words

Architectural Education in Nigeria (Essay Sample) Content: ChallengesFull paperJurnalTeknologi for the Adoption of New ICTs in Architectural Education in NigeriaChukwunonso, Franklyn1 and Ribadu, B. Mohammed21Department of Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia2Department of Information Technology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeriafranconicostelo@yahoo.com1, mb.ribadu@gmail.com2Article historyReceived XXXXReceived in revised form XXXXAccepted XXXX AbstractThe use of new technologies for educational purposes comes with several challenges, particularly with the highly proliferating and complex Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Understanding the implications of its adoption and use determines its effectiveness in improving teaching and learning. However, the real challenge has been how to properly evaluate these new technologies in the context of their intended purpose of adoption, and how to measure their effectiveness in achieving the intended goal. T his study carried out a survey of five Architectural departments in five different Nigerian universities. Simple percentage statistical technique was used to analyze the collected data. The results identified five major constraints encountered in ICT adoption in Architectural education in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study proposes a guideline for best practices that will promote an effective and better rate of new ICT adoption in Architectural education in Nigeria.Keywords: Adoption; Evaluation; ICT; Architecture; Education; Universities; Nigeria 2014 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved. 1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe influence of ICT on society has increased dramatically especially in the last decade but has however had minimal impact on teaching and learning [1]. Despite the advances recorded in the field of ICTs, integrating these technologies into educational activities has been a major challenge for most educational institutions. Most often than not, these technologies are adopted without proper planning and evaluation of the challenges that accompany the uses or adoption of such technologies. This has led to several of these ICTs being underused or unused and in most cases, misused [2]. [3] reported that several studies have raised the issue of educating the practitioners as a way of enhancing the effective use of ICTs in education. They posit that one of the major reasons why ICTs are not effectively used in Architectural education was because of the current mode of practice.However, recent times have seen a tremendous increase in the application of ICTs for educational purposes, resulting to a proliferation of networked technologies and evolution of different e-learning approaches [4]. As technologies advance, particularly with the advent of Internet and web-based technologies, the mode and method of delivering educational and instructional materials have evolved from traditional face-to-face classroom teaching to e-learning. From an educationa l perspective, the adoption of these technologies for education delivery has led to the overthrow of most traditional methods of teaching and learning. From a simple and casual application of ICT to facilitate face-to-face classroom teaching and learning to the intensive use of ICT for educational purposes as in the case of e-learning, this evolution process has introduced a completely different method of teaching and learning [5,6].Unlike advanced web technologies, traditional technologies employed in face-to-face classroom teaching had clearly understood pedagogical structures due to the transparency of function of such technologies like chalk and pencil, which were used for writing, microscopes and test tubes for viewing micro objects and testing samples in an experiment respectively. However, with the advancement and proliferation of technology, a single technology tool can be used to perform multiple and different or related functions such that teachers now have a thin percepti on of transparency regarding the functions and roles of these technologies in day-to-day teaching and learning [7]. Thus in order for teachers to understand the challenges posed with regards to the prospects and constraints of these new technologies when employed for educational purposes, there is need for a rethink of the teacherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s educational and professional training. More so, knowing when to use the technology and in what perspective to use it, is very vital in helping students achieve their learning outcome [8,9]. This paper therefore aims at identifying the major challenges faced with the adoption and use of new ICTs in education, particularly for architectural education, and proposes a guideline for best practices to address the issues.The remaining parts of the paper is structured into the following sections: Section 2 discusses Nigeria as the case study, Section 3 looks at ICT usage in Architectural education, Section 4 presents and discusses the results of our su rvey, Section 5 presents the best practices guideline for the adoption of new ICTs in architectural education, and Section 6 concludes the paper.2.0 CASE OF NIGERIAThe Federal Government of Nigeria introduced an ICT policy in 2000, aimed at placing Nigeria as a leading player in the use of ICT as a tool for sustainable development in Africa and the world at large [17]. One of the objectives of this policy was to institutionalize ICT use for teaching and learning purposes at all levels of education (primary, secondary and tertiary). The campaign was kick started with so much resources sunk into the acquisition of computers, construction and furnishing of computer labs, acquisition and distribution of projectors and other ICT gadgets to all Federal tertiary institutions of learning, and computer networking of several tertiary schools into a local area network and wide area networks in some cases. Some universities of learning were also advised to subscribe for Internet bandwidths thr ough the acquisition of VSATs. With so much money spent, the Federal Government of Nigeria did not envisage anything but success and an ICT-compliant educational system. This however was far from reality as most of the projects and policy implementations were quickly abandoned with the same zeal with which they were adopted. It was only after the policy had failed that many studies from the academia began to spring up with plausible causes to the failure of such policies and ways to avert its future occurrence [10]. However, with the changing role of technology and its proliferating uses for teaching and learning, more research is required to look into the new challenges that accompany the adoption of new ICTs particularly in tertiary education.ICT has evolved from its traditional roles, forms and uses for teaching and learning, especially in architectural education.ÂIt can vary in forms such as texts, audio, video, graphic, chat and discussion groups, email, graphs, tables, web sites, social portals, PowerPoint presentations, etc., all of which plays different and interrelated roles in instructional content designs, learning strategy, learning activity designs, and delivery methods, facilitating learning from any place, at any time, and at individual pace, via highly interactive and collaborative technologies [11]. Thus, the problem which initially militated against the adoption of ICTs in the early stages of adoption have also mutated into complex and dynamic issues that require a more aggressive and holistic approach to address. Common issues encountered in new ICTs adoption include a lack of teacher knowledge due to the unfamiliarity of these new technologies to teachers; their functions and their mode of use, leaving most of the adopted technologies unusable, misused or underused [12].In a bid to address some of these adoption issues, some studies such as [13], have suggested for tertiary institutions in Nigeria to teach computer courses as part of the ir curriculum even though most of these computer courses are currently taught theoretically with no practical lessons. Also, the National University Commission (NUC) setup a virtual learning portal aimed at fostering academic research collaborations and resource and information sharing. However, due to the lack of adequate supporting infrastructure such as Internet access, steady electricity supply, inadequate networked computers, among others, the impact of these portals are yet to be felt. Several other initiatives including the establishment of centres of distance learning in some selected Nigerian universities have still not helped in addressing the technology integration issues encountered by improper adoption of these technologies in education. Rather than being felt in the academic sector of universities (i.e. for teaching and learning purposes), the benefits of these technologies are better enjoyed in the administrative sectors of these tertiary institutions [14]. ICTs are b eing used extensively for admission, registration, result processing and checking, transcript preparations, fee payments, etc. whereas the sole purpose of its adoption, which is for classroom teaching and learning is completely neglected [15]. [16] noted that even though little has been achieved in the area of using ICT for teaching purposes, its role and use in research (accessing digital resources such as online journal and conference articles, ebooks, information resources available on student portals, communication via email, etc.) should not be downplayed but rather encouraged.ICT usage as instructional technology for teaching and learning is still at its infancy in Nigerian higher education. While there is need to acknowledge the institutionalization of these technologies, adequate if not more concern should also be geared towards the recognition that the instructional use of ICT is of paramount importance to the de... Architectural Education in Nigeria Essay - 6050 Words Architectural Education in Nigeria (Essay Sample) Content: ChallengesFull paperJurnalTeknologi for the Adoption of New ICTs in Architectural Education in NigeriaChukwunonso, Franklyn1 and Ribadu, B. Mohammed21Department of Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia2Department of Information Technology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeriafranconicostelo@yahoo.com1, mb.ribadu@gmail.com2Article historyReceived XXXXReceived in revised form XXXXAccepted XXXX AbstractThe use of new technologies for educational purposes comes with several challenges, particularly with the highly proliferating and complex Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Understanding the implications of its adoption and use determines its effectiveness in improving teaching and learning. However, the real challenge has been how to properly evaluate these new technologies in the context of their intended purpose of adoption, and how to measure their effectiveness in achieving the intended goal. T his study carried out a survey of five Architectural departments in five different Nigerian universities. Simple percentage statistical technique was used to analyze the collected data. The results identified five major constraints encountered in ICT adoption in Architectural education in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study proposes a guideline for best practices that will promote an effective and better rate of new ICT adoption in Architectural education in Nigeria.Keywords: Adoption; Evaluation; ICT; Architecture; Education; Universities; Nigeria 2014 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved. 1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe influence of ICT on society has increased dramatically especially in the last decade but has however had minimal impact on teaching and learning [1]. Despite the advances recorded in the field of ICTs, integrating these technologies into educational activities has been a major challenge for most educational institutions. Most often than not, these technologies are adopted without proper planning and evaluation of the challenges that accompany the uses or adoption of such technologies. This has led to several of these ICTs being underused or unused and in most cases, misused [2]. [3] reported that several studies have raised the issue of educating the practitioners as a way of enhancing the effective use of ICTs in education. They posit that one of the major reasons why ICTs are not effectively used in Architectural education was because of the current mode of practice.However, recent times have seen a tremendous increase in the application of ICTs for educational purposes, resulting to a proliferation of networked technologies and evolution of different e-learning approaches [4]. As technologies advance, particularly with the advent of Internet and web-based technologies, the mode and method of delivering educational and instructional materials have evolved from traditional face-to-face classroom teaching to e-learning. From an educationa l perspective, the adoption of these technologies for education delivery has led to the overthrow of most traditional methods of teaching and learning. From a simple and casual application of ICT to facilitate face-to-face classroom teaching and learning to the intensive use of ICT for educational purposes as in the case of e-learning, this evolution process has introduced a completely different method of teaching and learning [5,6].Unlike advanced web technologies, traditional technologies employed in face-to-face classroom teaching had clearly understood pedagogical structures due to the transparency of function of such technologies like chalk and pencil, which were used for writing, microscopes and test tubes for viewing micro objects and testing samples in an experiment respectively. However, with the advancement and proliferation of technology, a single technology tool can be used to perform multiple and different or related functions such that teachers now have a thin percepti on of transparency regarding the functions and roles of these technologies in day-to-day teaching and learning [7]. Thus in order for teachers to understand the challenges posed with regards to the prospects and constraints of these new technologies when employed for educational purposes, there is need for a rethink of the teacherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s educational and professional training. More so, knowing when to use the technology and in what perspective to use it, is very vital in helping students achieve their learning outcome [8,9]. This paper therefore aims at identifying the major challenges faced with the adoption and use of new ICTs in education, particularly for architectural education, and proposes a guideline for best practices to address the issues.The remaining parts of the paper is structured into the following sections: Section 2 discusses Nigeria as the case study, Section 3 looks at ICT usage in Architectural education, Section 4 presents and discusses the results of our su rvey, Section 5 presents the best practices guideline for the adoption of new ICTs in architectural education, and Section 6 concludes the paper.2.0 CASE OF NIGERIAThe Federal Government of Nigeria introduced an ICT policy in 2000, aimed at placing Nigeria as a leading player in the use of ICT as a tool for sustainable development in Africa and the world at large [17]. One of the objectives of this policy was to institutionalize ICT use for teaching and learning purposes at all levels of education (primary, secondary and tertiary). The campaign was kick started with so much resources sunk into the acquisition of computers, construction and furnishing of computer labs, acquisition and distribution of projectors and other ICT gadgets to all Federal tertiary institutions of learning, and computer networking of several tertiary schools into a local area network and wide area networks in some cases. Some universities of learning were also advised to subscribe for Internet bandwidths thr ough the acquisition of VSATs. With so much money spent, the Federal Government of Nigeria did not envisage anything but success and an ICT-compliant educational system. This however was far from reality as most of the projects and policy implementations were quickly abandoned with the same zeal with which they were adopted. It was only after the policy had failed that many studies from the academia began to spring up with plausible causes to the failure of such policies and ways to avert its future occurrence [10]. However, with the changing role of technology and its proliferating uses for teaching and learning, more research is required to look into the new challenges that accompany the adoption of new ICTs particularly in tertiary education.ICT has evolved from its traditional roles, forms and uses for teaching and learning, especially in architectural education.ÂIt can vary in forms such as texts, audio, video, graphic, chat and discussion groups, email, graphs, tables, web sites, social portals, PowerPoint presentations, etc., all of which plays different and interrelated roles in instructional content designs, learning strategy, learning activity designs, and delivery methods, facilitating learning from any place, at any time, and at individual pace, via highly interactive and collaborative technologies [11]. Thus, the problem which initially militated against the adoption of ICTs in the early stages of adoption have also mutated into complex and dynamic issues that require a more aggressive and holistic approach to address. Common issues encountered in new ICTs adoption include a lack of teacher knowledge due to the unfamiliarity of these new technologies to teachers; their functions and their mode of use, leaving most of the adopted technologies unusable, misused or underused [12].In a bid to address some of these adoption issues, some studies such as [13], have suggested for tertiary institutions in Nigeria to teach computer courses as part of the ir curriculum even though most of these computer courses are currently taught theoretically with no practical lessons. Also, the National University Commission (NUC) setup a virtual learning portal aimed at fostering academic research collaborations and resource and information sharing. However, due to the lack of adequate supporting infrastructure such as Internet access, steady electricity supply, inadequate networked computers, among others, the impact of these portals are yet to be felt. Several other initiatives including the establishment of centres of distance learning in some selected Nigerian universities have still not helped in addressing the technology integration issues encountered by improper adoption of these technologies in education. Rather than being felt in the academic sector of universities (i.e. for teaching and learning purposes), the benefits of these technologies are better enjoyed in the administrative sectors of these tertiary institutions [14]. ICTs are b eing used extensively for admission, registration, result processing and checking, transcript preparations, fee payments, etc. whereas the sole purpose of its adoption, which is for classroom teaching and learning is completely neglected [15]. [16] noted that even though little has been achieved in the area of using ICT for teaching purposes, its role and use in research (accessing digital resources such as online journal and conference articles, ebooks, information resources available on student portals, communication via email, etc.) should not be downplayed but rather encouraged.ICT usage as instructional technology for teaching and learning is still at its infancy in Nigerian higher education. While there is need to acknowledge the institutionalization of these technologies, adequate if not more concern should also be geared towards the recognition that the instructional use of ICT is of paramount importance to the de...

Critique of Sap System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 981 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Critique of SAP system Introduction: SAP ERP is an integrated enterprise resource planning (ERP) software manufactured by SAP AG that targets business software requirements of midsize and large organizations in all industries and sectors. More than 2,300 customers are using the latest version of mySAP ERP. It is a real-time process system which all the users log on the central platform server. There are many sub-functions of SAP including SAP ERP Financials, SAP ERP Human Capital, Management SAP ERP Operations, and SAP ERP Corporate Services. We only focus on the revenue cycle and expenditure cycle of the SAP system which is direct related to the accounting information system. Expenditure cycle: About master records: The expenditure cycle is composed of purchase system and accounts payable system. The creation of material master records and vendor master records makes the purchase system more efficient. While traditional information system has three databases include customer sales A/R (customer database), production scheduling shipping (Manufacturing database) and vendor A/P inventory (Procurement database). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critique of Sap System" essay for you Create order SAP systems a common operational database (customer, production, vendor, and inventory). The problem with traditional system is the lack of effective communication between systems is often the result of a fragmented systems design process. On the other hand, SAP systems use a common operational database that supports communications and present the data in a way that meets all user needs. The material master is the main source of material specific data. It is used by all components in the logistics system. By using the master record, we can avoid data redundancy, and use the data in many other functions other than purchasing data for ordering. Those include posting goods movements, managing physical inventory, inventory valuation, and material requirements planning. Also material master is divided into three levels: client level, plant level and storage level. The advantage of this is the company can set which information is valid within specific department. As to vendor master data, all the vendors’ information is recorded and updated. Different department can always have access to synchronous and up-to-date information. But a faulty transported object such as a configuration change or code for an interface can have an effect on other SAP functionality in the production environment. For instance a change to the HR module within payroll can affect functionality in the FI-CO module. A server failure under this model could leave the entire organization unable to process transactions. However, two linked servers can be connected in redundant backup mode. Just like material master records, vendor master records are divided into three levels: General data (Client level), Purchasing data (purchasing organization level), and Accounting data (company code level). After create a vendor master record, it is linked to the appropriate reconciliation account in General Ledger. The control problem can be who has the authorization to access the data warehouse. The organization should establish procedures to oversee the authorization of individuals at customer and supplier sites that will be granted access to their data warehouse. Unauthorized access of Material Mater records and Vendor master records can lead to the entire expenditure cycle break down. About purchase requisition: When inventory is below a certain level, the SAP system can generate a requisition automatically when predetermined recorder levels are reached. The problem is the goods may be requisitioned for unauthorized purposes. It will be better if purchase requisitions are prenumbered (instead of get a number after creating a Purchase requisition) within each originating department as a control over outstanding requisition to ensure that goods requisition are duly ordered and received. For purchase other than inventory replenishment, requisition authority is granted to specific people. This authority should usually restricted to the value and types of goods and services applicable to the person’s function and level of authority. Special procedures usually apply for requisition plant and equipment or for entering into lease contracts. About purchase order: In SAP, purchase orders can be created with or without reference to a purchase requisition or a RFQ. That increase the risk of purchases made for unauthorized purposes. We can reset the system that except for programmed inventory replenishment, the purchase department issue purchase orders only on the receipt of requisitions properly approved by an employee who has appropriate requisitioning authority. We can also improve the efficiency of the system by centralization of purchasing in a specialized department. The purchase department is better able to negotiate more favorable terms and prices and, by amalgamating orders, can obtain better volume discounts. About receiving: In receiving goods, SAP can suggest data from the purchase order when the goods receipt is entered in the system. That’s the same effect as the blind copy of PO, it is more efficient because the system can tell the receiving department the right amount immediately. But compare with manual process, the SAP system often eliminates the segregation of duties. However, SAP is the best ERP system to help resolve the segregation of duties problem, which is a basic, key internal control. SAP currently provides more than 150 predefined user roles, which act to limit a user’s access to only certain functions and associated data. When the user logs onto the system, a role-based menu appears on the functions of limiting the user to the specified task. When an invoice is entered in the system with reference to a purchase order, the system suggests data from the purchase order and the goods receipt. If there are any discrepancies between order or goods receipt and the invoice, the system warns the users, and blocks the invoice for payment. But sometimes the discrepancies results from mistakes in goods receipt. That would delay the payment too the vendor. So it will be better if the organization set some manual reviews here. When a discrepancy occurs, the special authorized staff investigates the PO, inventory report from warehouse, and the goods receipt report, and defines the mistake as soon as possible.